Nestled within the hills and rivers of Korea lies a treasury of myths and marvels that have shaped its cultural identity. Stories of gods and heroes, spirits and demons, have not only entertained but have also guided and inspired generations. Explore with us the timeless allure of Korean folklore.
Legendary Icons
Korean folklore is rich with a variety of central figures, ranging from mythical heroes and deities to legendary creatures and spirits.
Hwanung: Hwanung is a central deity in Korean mythology, known as the “Heavenly Prince” who descended to Mount Taebaek to bring civilization and teachings to humanity. He is associated with the founding myth of Gojoseon and is revered as a
benevolent figure.
Dangun: According to legend, Dangun is the mythical founder of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom. He is believed to be the son of Hwanung, the “Heavenly Prince,” and a bear-turned-woman, Ungnyeo. Dangun’s establishment of Gojoseon is celebrated
annually in Korea on Dangun’s Day.
Jumong: Jumong is a legendary figure who founded the kingdom of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. His story is depicted in the Korean epic, the “Samguk Yusa,” and he is celebrated as a skilled warrior and wise ruler.
Hong Gildong: Hong Gildong is a legendary figure from the Korean novel “Hong Gildongjeon,” often considered Korea’s first novel. He is a rebellious hero who fights against injustice and oppression, using his extraordinary abilities to become a champion of the oppressed.
Dokkaebi: Dokkaebi are mischievous goblins or spirits in Korean folklore known for their supernatural powers and playful nature. They are often depicted as tricksters who can bring fortune or misfortune to humans depending on their interactions.
Kumiho: Kumiho, or the nine-tailed fox, is a mythical creature in Korean folklore known for its ability to shape-shift into a beautiful woman. While often appearing benign or benevolent, kumihos are also associated with trickery and malice.
Chunhyang: Chunhyang is a beloved heroine from the Korean tale “Chunhyangjeon.”
She is a courageous and virtuous young woman who remains faithful to her love, Mongryong, despite facing numerous trials and challenges.
Mago: Mago is a mythical figure in Korean shamanism and mythology, often considered the “Grandmother” or “Mother Goddess.” She is associated with creation, fertility, and the protection of women.
Ethical Narratives
Korean folklore is rich with moral tales that often convey important lessons and values.
The Tale of Shim Cheong : This tale revolves around Shim Cheong, a filial daughter who sacrifices herself to the sea god to restore her blind father’s sight. It emphasizes filial piety, selflessness, and the rewards of virtuous behavior.
The Tale of Heungbu and Nolbu : Heungbu and Nolbu are brothers whose contrasting attitudes towards generosity and greed lead to different outcomes in their lives.
Heungbu, the kind and generous brother, is rewarded, while Nolbu’s selfishness brings him misfortune. This tale teaches the importance of kindness, generosity, and the consequences of greed.
The Rabbit and the Turtle : A variation of Aesop’s fable “The Tortoise and the Hare,” this Korean version emphasizes perseverance and humility. The slow but steady turtle wins a race against the overconfident rabbit, teaching the lesson that persistence and determination can overcome arrogance and haste.
The Woodcutter and the Tiger : In this tale, a woodcutter saves a tiger’s life, which later proves crucial when the tiger helps him in return. It highlights the importance of compassion, kindness, and reciprocity in relationships, even with unlikely allies.
The Tale of Chunhyang : While primarily a love story, “Chunhyangjeon” also includes elements of moral lessons such as fidelity, courage, and resilience in the face of adversity. Chunhyang’s steadfast loyalty to her lover, Mongryong, despite numerous
trials, showcases the values of enduring love and devotion.
Cultural nuances
Like many cultural elements , Korean folklore portrays regional variations. These differences can be influenced by historical events, local customs, geographical features, and even dialects.Stories of ghosts (gwisin) and spirits (gumiho, dokkaebi)
vary regionally, with some regions having their own unique ghost stories or beliefs about specific types of spirits that inhabit certain places.Various regions have their own local heroes and legendary figures. For example, Jeju Island has stories about haenyeo (female divers), while other regions may have stories about brave warriors or wise
scholars.Rituals and festivals associated with folklore can also vary. Practices like exorcisms or shamanic rituals may differ in execution or significance depending on the region.
Cultural Value
Korean folklore holds immense cultural significance, reflecting the country’s values, beliefs, and historical narratives. It encompasses myths, legends, and tales passed down through generations, often portraying moral lessons, heroism, and the supernatural. These stories not only entertain but also preserve Korean identity, offering insights into societal norms, spirituality, and the collective imagination. They are vital for understanding Korean traditions, influencing literature, art, and popular culture, thus bridging the past with the present and fostering a sense of cultural continuity and pride among Koreans worldwide.